Overview
HIV is a viral infection that affects the immune system. With modern treatment, many people live long, healthy lives, but early diagnosis and consistent care are important. Prevention options include condoms, PrEP and PEP in appropriate situations.
Causes and transmission
- HIV is transmitted through certain body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk.
- Sexual contact, sharing injection equipment and mother-to-child transmission are recognized routes.
How it is assessed
- HIV testing may use fourth-generation antigen/antibody tests, antibody tests or RNA testing depending on timing and context.
- A reactive screening test usually requires confirmatory testing before diagnosis.
Management considerations
- Antiretroviral therapy is the cornerstone of HIV care and aims to suppress the virus.
- Monitoring, adherence support and prevention counseling are important parts of long-term care.
Prevention
- Condoms reduce sexual transmission risk.
- PrEP may be appropriate for eligible people at ongoing risk; PEP is time-sensitive after possible exposure.
Key points
- Testing is central to diagnosis
- Window periods affect early test interpretation
- Treatment can suppress the virus effectively
- Prevention and partner care matter
When to seek care
- Possible exposure
- Positive or uncertain test result
- Questions about PrEP or PEP
- New symptoms after diagnosis